Asset Publisher

ph-1022

print Print Back Back

Afrezza (regular human insulin, inhaled) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit Program Summary

Policy Number: PH-1022

This prior authorization applies to Commercial, Blue Partner and Health Insurance Marketplace formularies.

POLICY REVIEW CYCLE                                                                                                                                                                           

Effective Date

Date of Origin 

4/1/2023

FDA APPROVED INDICATIONS AND DOSAGE

Agent(s)

FDA Indication(s)

Notes

Ref#

Afrezza®

(regular human insulin, inhaled)

Inhaled powder

To improve glycemic control in adult patients with diabetes mellitus.

Limitations of use:

  • Not a substitute for long-acting insulin.  Must be used in combination with long-acting insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes
  • Not recommended for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis.
  • The safety and efficacy of Afrezza in patients who smoke have not been established.  Use is not recommended in patients who smoke or who have recently stopped smoking.

1

See package insert for FDA prescribing information:  https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/index.cfm

CLINICAL RATIONALE

DIABETES

The American Diabetes Association (ADA) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes recommends the following therapy for type 1 diabetes mellitus:(2)

  • Most individuals with type 1 diabetes should be treated with multiple daily injections of prandial and basal insulin, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion.
  • Most individuals with type 1 diabetes should use rapid-acting insulin analogs to reduce hyperglycemia risk. 
  • Individuals with type 1 diabetes should receive education on how to match mealtime insulin doses to carbohydrate intake, fat and protein content, and anticipated physical activity.

For type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the American Diabetes Association recommends the following:(2)

  • First-line therapy depends on comorbidities, patient-centered treatment factors, and management needs and generally includes metformin and comprehensive lifestyle modification.
  • The early introduction of insulin should be considered if there is evidence of ongoing catabolism (weight loss), if symptoms of hyperglycemia are present, or when A1C levels (greater than 10% [86 mmol/mol]) or blood glucose levels (greater than or equal to 300 mg/dL [16.7 mmol/L]) are very high. 
  • Early combination therapy can be considered in some patients at treatment initiation to extend the time to treatment failure.
  • A patient-centered approach should guide the choice of pharmacologic agents.  Consider the effects on cardiovascular and renal comorbidities, efficacy, hypoglycemia risk, impact on weight, cost and access, risk for side effects, and patient preferences.

It has been shown that inhaled rapid-acting insulin used before meals in type 1 diabetes was shown to be noninferior for A1C lowering when compared with aspart insulin, with less hypoglycemia observed with inhaled insulin therapy. There was, however, a greater mean reduction in A1C with insulin aspart than with inhaled insulin (20.21% with inhaled vs. 20.40% with aspart, satisfying the noninferiority margin of 0.4%), and more patients in the insulin aspart group achieved A1C goals of less than or equal to 7.0% and less than or equal to 6.5%.(3)  A pilot study found evidence that compared with injectable rapid-acting insulin, supplemental doses of inhaled insulin taken based on post-prandial glucose levels may improve blood glucose management without additional hypoglycemia or weight gain, although results from a larger study are needed for confirmation.(4)

The American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology states that patients taking 2 oral antihyperglycemic agents who have an A1C greater than 8.0% and/or long standing T2DM are less likely to reach their target A1C with a third oral antihyperglycemic agent.  Although adding a GLP1 receptor agonist as the third agent may successfully lower glycemia, eventually many patients will still require insulin.  When insulin becomes necessary, a single daily dose of basal insulin should be added to the regimen.  Patients whose glycemia remains uncontrolled while receiving basal insulin in combination with oral agents or GLP1 receptor agonists may require mealtime insulin to cover postprandial hyperglycemia.  Rapid-acting injectable insulin analogs (lispro, glulisine, aspart, or fast-acting aspart) or inhaled insulin are preferred over regular human insulin because the former have a more rapid onset and offset of action and are associated with less hypoglycemia.(5) For the treatment of T1DM, regimens that provide both basal and prandial insulin should be used for most patients.(6)    

Efficacy

Afrezza was studied in adults with type 1 diabetes in combination with basal insulin. The efficacy of Afrezza in type 1 diabetes patients was compared to insulin aspart in combination with basal insulin. Afrezza has been studied in adults with type 2 diabetes in combination with oral antidiabetic drugs. The efficacy of Afrezza in type 2 diabetes patients was compared to placebo inhalation.  The efficacy of Afrezza in patients who smoke has not been established.(1)

Safety

Contraindications to Afrezza include:

  • Use during episodes of hypoglycemia
  • Chronic lung disease, such as asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • Hypersensitivity to regular insulin or any of the inhaled regular human insulin excipients.

Afrezza contains the following black box warning concerning patients with chronic lung disease:

  • Acute bronchospasm has been observed in patients with asthma and COPD using Afrezza
  • Afrezza is contraindicated in patients with chronic lung disease such as asthma or COPD
  • Before initiating Afrezza, perform a detailed medical history, physical examination, and spirometry (FEV1) to identify potential lung disease in all patients.

Acute bronchospasm has been observed following Afrezza dosing in patients with asthma and patients with COPD. In a study of patients with asthma, bronchoconstriction and wheezing following Afrezza dosing was reported in 29% (5 out of 17) and 0% (0 out of 13) of patients with and without a diagnosis of asthma, respectively. In this study, a mean decline in FEV1 of 400 mL was observed 15 minutes after a single dose in patients with asthma. In a study of patients with COPD (n=8), a mean decline in FEV1 of 200 mL was observed 18 minutes after a single dose of Afrezza. The long-term safety and efficacy of AFREZZA in patients with chronic lung disease has not been established.

Afrezza causes a decline in lung function over time as measured by FEV1. In clinical trials excluding patients with chronic lung disease and lasting up to 2 years, Afrezza-treated patients experienced a small [40 mL (95% CI: -80, -1)] but greater FEV1 decline than comparator-treated patients. The FEV1 decline was noted within the first 3 months and persisted for the entire duration of therapy (up to 2 years of observation). In this population, the annual rate of FEV1 decline did not appear to worsen with increased duration of use. The effects of Afrezza on pulmonary function for treatment duration longer than 2 years has not been established. There are insufficient data in long term studies to draw conclusions regarding reversal of the effect on FEV1 after discontinuation of Afrezza. The observed changes in FEV1 were similar in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Assess pulmonary function (e.g., spirometry) at baseline, after the first 6 months of therapy, and annually thereafter, even in the absence of pulmonary symptoms. In patients who have a decline of greater than or equal to 20% in FEV1 from baseline, consider discontinuing Afrezza. Consider more frequent monitoring of pulmonary function in patients with pulmonary symptoms such as wheezing, bronchospasm, breathing difficulties, or persistent or recurring cough. If symptoms persist, discontinue Afrezza.(1)

REFERENCES                                                                                                                                                                            

Number

Reference

1

Afrezza prescribing information. Mannkind Corporation. February 2020.

2

American Diabetes Association. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care 2022;45(Suppl.1):S125-143. https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/43/Supplement_1/S98 

3

Bode BW, McGill JB, Lorber DL, et al.  Inhaled Technosphere Insulin Compared With Injected Prandial Insulin in Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized 24-Week Trial.  Diabetes Care 2015;38:2266-2273.  https://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/38/12/2266.full-text.pdf  

4

Akturk HK, Snell-Bergeon JK, Rewers A, et al.  Improved Postprandial Glucose with Inhaled Technosphere Insulin Compared with Insulin Aspart in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes on Multiple Daily Injections: The STAT Study.  Diabetes Technol Ther 2018 Oct;20(10):639-647.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6161328/  

5

Garber AJ, Handelsman Y, Grunberger G, et al.  Consensus statement by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology on the Comprehensive Type 2 Diabetes Management Algorithm—2020 Executive Summary. Endocr Pract. 2020 Jan;26(1):107-139.  https://www.aace.com/pdfs/diabetes/algorithm-exec-summary.pdf  

6

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) Diabetes Resource Center.  Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes.  https://www.aace.com/disease-state-resources/diabetes/depth-information/treatment-type-1-diabetes  

 

POLICY AGENT SUMMARY PRIOR AUTHORIZATION

Target Brand Agent(s)

Target Generic Agent(s)

Strength

Targeted MSC

Available MSC

Preferred Status

Effective Date

Afrezza

insulin regular (human) inh powd  ; insulin regular (human) inhal powd  ; insulin regular (human) inhalation powder

12 UNIT ; 4 UNIT ; 60 60x12 UNIT ; 8 UNIT ; 90 90x12 UNIT ; 90 90x8 UNIT

M ; N ; O ; Y

N

POLICY AGENT SUMMARY QUANTITY LIMIT

Target Brand Agent Name(s)

Target Generic Agent Name(s)

Strength

QL Amount

Dose Form

Days Supply

Duration

Addtl QL Info

Allowed Exceptions

Targeted NDCs When Exclusions Exist

Effective Date

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inh Powd 4 & 8 & 12 Unit/Cart (60)

60 60x12 UNIT

1260.0

CARTS

30

Days

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inh Powd 90 x 8 Unit & 90 x 12 Unit

90 90x12 UNIT

1080.0

CARTS

30

Days

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhal Powd 90 x 4 Unit & 90 x 8 Unit

90 90x8 UNIT

1800.0

CARTS

30

Days

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 12 Unit/Cartridge

12 UNIT

900.0

CARTS

30

Days

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 4 Unit/Cartridge

4 UNIT

2520.0

CARTS

30

Days

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 8 Unit/Cartridge

8 UNIT

1260.0

CARTS

30

Days

CLIENT SUMMARY – PRIOR AUTHORIZATION

Target Brand Agent Name(s)

Target Generic Agent Name(s)

Strength

Client Formulary

Afrezza

insulin regular (human) inh powd  ; insulin regular (human) inhal powd  ; insulin regular (human) inhalation powder

12 UNIT ; 4 UNIT ; 60 60x12 UNIT ; 8 UNIT ; 90 90x12 UNIT ; 90 90x8 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

CLIENT SUMMARY – QUANTITY LIMITS

Target Brand Agent Name(s)

Target Generic Agent Name(s)

Strength

Client Formulary

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inh Powd 4 & 8 & 12 Unit/Cart (60)

60 60x12 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inh Powd 90 x 8 Unit & 90 x 12 Unit

90 90x12 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhal Powd 90 x 4 Unit & 90 x 8 Unit

90 90x8 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 12 Unit/Cartridge

12 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 4 Unit/Cartridge

4 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

Afrezza

Insulin Regular (Human) Inhalation Powder 8 Unit/Cartridge

8 UNIT

Blue Partner ; Commercial ; GenPlus ; Health Insurance Marketplace

PRIOR AUTHORIZATION CLINICAL CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL

Module

Clinical Criteria for Approval

PRIOR AUTHORIZATION AND QUANTITY LIMIT CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL

Initial Evaluation

Target Agent(s) will be approved when ALL of the following are met: 

  1. ONE of the following:
    1. The patient has a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 1 AND the patient is currently on long acting insulin therapy OR
    2. The patient has a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type 2 AND
  2. The patient has received ALL of the following to identify any potential lung disease:
    1. Detailed medical history review AND
    2. Physical examination AND
    3. Spirometry with Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) AND
  3. The patient has not smoked in the past 6 months AND
  4. ONE of the following:
    1. The patient’s age is within FDA labeling for the requested indication for the requested agent OR
    2. The prescriber has provided information in support of using the requested agent for the patient’s age for the requested indication AND
  5. ONE of the following:
    1. The patient has an intolerance or hypersensitivity to a preferred rapid acting insulin agent that is not expected to occur with the requested agent OR
    2. The patient has an FDA labeled contraindication to a preferred rapid acting insulin agent  OR
    3. The prescriber has provided information that the patient has a physical or a mental disability that would prevent him/her from using a preferred rapid acting insulin product(s) OR
    4. The patient has a documented needle phobia AND
  6. The patient does not have any FDA labeled contraindications to the requested agent 

Length of Approval:  12 months

NOTE: If Quantity Limit applies, please refer to Quantity Limit Criteria.

 

Renewal Evaluation

Target Agent(s) will be approved when ALL of the following are met:

  1. The patient has been previously approved for the requested agent through the plan’s Prior Authorization process AND
  2. The patient has had clinical benefit with the requested agent AND
  3. The patient has received ALL of the following to identify any potential lung disease:
    1. Detailed medical history review AND
    2. Physical examination AND
    3. Spirometry with Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) AND
  4. The patient has not smoked in the past 6 months AND
  5. The patient does NOT have any FDA labeled contraindications to the requested agent 

Length of Approval:  12 months

NOTE: If Quantity Limit applies, please refer to Quantity Limit Criteria.

QUANTITY LIMIT CLINICAL CRITERIA FOR APPROVAL

Module

Clinical Criteria for Approval

QL with PA

Quantity Limit for the Target Agent(s) will be approved when ONE of the following is met:

  1. The requested quantity (dose) does NOT exceed the program quantity limit OR
  2. ALL of the following:
    1. The requested quantity (dose) is greater than the program quantity limit AND
    2. The requested quantity (dose) does NOT exceed the maximum FDA labeled dose AND
    3. The requested quantity (dose) cannot be achieved with a lower quantity of a higher strength that does not exceed the program quantity limit

Length of Approval:  12 months

 

This pharmacy policy is not an authorization, certification, explanation of benefits or a contract. Eligibility and benefits are determined on a case-by-case basis according to the terms of the member’s plan in effect as of the date services are rendered. All pharmacy policies are based on (i) information in FDA approved package inserts (and black box warning, alerts, or other information disseminated by the FDA as applicable); (ii) research of current medical and pharmacy literature; and/or (iii) review of common medical practices in the treatment and diagnosis of disease as of the date hereof. Physicians and other providers are solely responsible for all aspects of medical care and treatment, including the type, quality, and levels of care and treatment.

The purpose of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Alabama’s pharmacy policies are to provide a guide to coverage. Pharmacy policies are not intended to dictate to physicians how to practice medicine. Physicians should exercise their medical judgment in providing the care they feel is most appropriate for their patients.

Neither this policy, nor the successful adjudication of a pharmacy claim, is guarantee of payment.

 

 

Commercial _ PS _ Afrezza (regular human insulin, inhaled) Prior Authorization with Quantity Limit _ProgSum_ 4/1/2023